OFC(optical fibre cable)..

What is Optical fiber?

An optical fiber (or fibre) is a glass or plastic fiber that carries light along its length. Fiber optics is the overlap of applied science and engineering concerned with the design and application of optical fibers. Optical fibers are widely used in fiber-optic communications, which permits transmission over longer distances and at higher data rates (a.k.a "bandwidth") than other forms of communications. Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss, and they are also immune to electromagnetic interference. Fibers are also used for illumination, and are wrapped in bundles so they can be used to carry images, thus allowing viewing in tight spaces. Specially designed fibers are used for a variety of other applications, including sensors and fiber lasers.

Types of Optic Fiber Cables

There are three types of fiber optic cable commonly used: single mode, multimode and plastic optical fiber (POF).

Multimode fiber
Fiber with large (greater than 10 μm) core diameter may be analyzed by geometric optics. Such fiber is called multimode fiber, from the electromagnetic analysis (see below). In a step-index multimode fiber, rays of light are guided along the fiber core by total internal reflection. Rays that meet the core-cladding boundary at a high angle (measured relative to a line normal to the boundary), greater than the critical angle for this boundary, are completely reflected. The critical angle (minimum angle for total internal reflection) is determined by the difference in index of refraction between the core and cladding materials.

Singlemode fiber
Fiber with a core diameter less than about ten times the wavelength of the propagating light cannot be modeled using geometric optics. Instead, it must be analyzed as an electromagnetic structure, by solution of Maxwell's equations as reduced to the electromagnetic wave equation. The electromagnetic analysis may also be required to understand behaviors such as speckle that occur when coherent light propagates in multi-mode fiber. As an optical waveguide, the fiber supports one or more confined transverse modes by which light can propagate along the fiber. Fiber supporting only one mode is called single-mode or mono-mode fiber. The behavior of larger-core multimode fiber can also be modeled using the wave equation, which shows that such fiber supports more than one mode of propagation (hence the name). The results of such modeling of multi-mode fiber approximately agree with the predictions of geometric optics, if the fiber core is large enough to support more than a few modes.

The waveguide analysis shows that the light energy in the fiber is not completely confined in the core. Instead, especially in single-mode fibers, a significant fraction of the energy in the bound mode travels in the cladding as an evanescent wave.

The most common type of single-mode fiber has a core diameter of 8 to 10 μm and is designed for use in the near infrared. The mode structure depends on the wavelength of the light used, so that this fiber actually supports a small number of additional modes at visible wavelengths. Multi-mode fiber, by comparison, is manufactured with core diameters as small as 50 micrometres and as large as hundreds of micrometres. The V number for this fiber should be less than 2.405.

Special-purpose fiber
Some special-purpose optical fiber is constructed with a non-cylindrical core and/or cladding layer, usually with an elliptical or rectangular cross-section. These include polarization-maintaining fiber and fiber designed to suppress whispering gallery mode propagation.

Photonic crystal fiber is made with a regular pattern of index variation (often in the form of cylindrical holes that run along the length of the fiber). Such fiber uses diffraction effects instead of or in addition to total internal reflection, to confine light to the fiber's core. The properties of the fiber can be tailored to a wide variety of applications.


What is Optical Fiber Cable (OFC)

An optical fiber cable is a cable containing one or more optical fibers. The optical fiber elements are typically individually coated with plastic layers and contained in a protective tube suitable for the environment where the cable will be deployed.

In practical fibers, the cladding is usually coated with a tough resin buffer layer, which may be further surrounded by a jacket layer, usually plastic. These layers add strength to the fiber but do not contribute to its optical wave guide properties. Rigid fiber assemblies sometimes put light-absorbing ("dark") glass between the fibers, to prevent light that leaks out of one fiber from entering another. This reduces cross-talk between the fibers, or reduces flare in fiber bundle imaging applications.

LIGER... WoW!!!!!!.... a large animal...

The liger is a big cat born from the breeding of a male lion and a female tiger. This combination produces an offspring with more lionistic features than if the reverse pairing had occurred. That would produce a more tigeristic creature known as a tigon.



Ligers vary in appearance depending on how the genes interact and on which subspecies of lion and tiger are bred together. According to AP Gray in Mammalian Hybrids, the basic colour of lion/tiger hybrids is pale ochre to rust yellow-brown, more intensive than in the lion, but paler than in the tiger and with tiger striping. The mane of the males develops late and is shorter than that of a lion. In general, males grow sparse leonine manes and the facial ruff of a tiger. Males and females have spotted bellies and a striped back. They roar like lions and "chuff" like tigers. The females exhibit conflicting needs for lioness-like sisterhood and tigress-like solitude. Ligers have no scientific name, but Panthera leo X tigris has been posited.

White tigers have been crossed with lions to produce white ligers. Everland Zoo (Yongin Farm Zoo) in Seoul, Korea has produced white ligers, possibly from white tigers and leucistic lionesses. Big Cat Rescue's white tiger apparently co-habitates with a lion, as it was the intention of the original owner to breed white ligers. Golden tigers have been crossed with lions to produce golden ligers. In theory white tigers could be crossed with white lions to produce truly white ligers. White tigons or golden tigons are also possible, but because tigons do not attain the huge size of the liger there is far less interest in breeding them.

A black liger would be an impressive creature, but to breed one would require both a melanistic tiger and a melanistic lion because the gene for black must be inherited from both parents and to guarantee a black liger requires both parents to be black. Very few true melanistic tigers have ever been recorded. Most "black tigers" are due to pseudo-melanism i.e. the markings are so heavy that the tawny background colour is almost hidden. No reports of black lions have ever been substantiated.

In felines, "blue" means a slate-grey colour. Genetically, it is a form of melanism where the colour has been diluted from black to grey. To breed a blue liger would require a blue (i.e.grey) tiger and a black lion (or black tiger and blue lion. Or blue tiger and blue lion). Blue tigers have been recorded in China, but none have occurred in captivity. To date, no grey lions have been recorded.

Interesting facts.,....

Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Family:	Felidae
Genus:	Panthera
Scientific Name:	Liger
Type:	Mammal
Diet:	Carnivore
Size:	2.8-3.6m (9-12ft)
Weight:	400-600kg (882-1,322lbs)
Top Speed:	80km/h (50mph)
Life Span:	20-26 years
Lifestyle:	Solitary
Conservation Status:	Endangered
Colour:	Tan, Black, Brown, Orange
Skin Type:	Fur
Favourite Food:	Deer
Habitat:	Do not occur in the natural world
Average Litter Size:	0
Main Prey:	Deer, Birds, Cow
Predators:	Human
Special Features:	Enormous body size and sharp claws

History of postal system .....

HISTORY

Mail, consisting mostly of government dispatches, was carried from place to place by horse or horse-drawn wagon in ancient Egypt and Persia. Most mail was still being transported the same way in the middle of the 19th century, when stagecoaches carried letters and packages to the West coast.

Ancient and Medieval Service

Historical references to postal systems in Egypt date from about 2000 BC. The Persian Empire under Cyrus the Great (6th century BC) used a system of mounted relay messengers. The riders would stop at regularly placed posthouses to get a fresh horse or to pass on their packets of dispatches to another messenger for the remainder of the distance.

On the other side of the world, in China, a posthouse service had been started early in the Chou Dynasty (ruled 1122-221 BC). It was used mostly to convey official documents. The far-reaching system consisted of relays of couriers who changed horses at relay posts 9 miles (14.5 kilometers) apart. The system was enlarged under the Han Empire (202 BC-AD 220), when the Chinese came in contact with the Romans and their postal system.

The Roman Empire built the most advanced postal delivery system known until that time except for the service in China. Its area was the whole Mediterranean world. Reliable communication from Rome to governors and military officials in faraway provinces was a necessity. Rome met the need by developing the cursus publicus literally, "public course" a state-sponsored series of post roads with relay stations at intervals. The speed with which government dispatches and other mail could be carried about the empire was not equaled again in Europe until the 19th century. Using the relay stations, riders could cover about 170 miles (270 kilometers) in a 24-hour period.

The collapse of the empire in the West did not immediately destroy the postal system. Vestiges of it endured until at least the 9th century before it became fragmented and fell into disuse. In the Eastern, or Byzantine, Empire the system lasted longer because it was eventually absorbed into the Islamic kingdom based in Baghdad.

Reemergence of Postal Services

With the growth of international commerce during the Renaissance, there was a need for business correspondence. Corporations and guilds set up their own messenger services. The great merchant and banking houses of the Italian city-states provided the most extensive and dependable postal service of the time. By the 13th century links were maintained between the commercial centers of Florence, Genoa, and Siena and several communities in northern France that held annual fairs. These fairs attracted merchants from all parts of Europe. The postal service to France thus provided a major international link for commerce and news. There was also a postal link between Venice and Constantinople, the Muslim capital. Russia too shared in the postal communications of the day.

The private postal systems created during the later Middle Ages carried personal mail as well as commercial correspondence. The invention of the printing press late in the 15th century increased the amount of mail and made letter carrying a profitable enterprise. Private postal services emerged to carry mail to all parts of Europe.

The best-known and most extensive such service was the Thurn and Taxis system. A family, whose Italian name was Tassis, had started operating courier services in the city-states from about 1290. Franz von Taxis served as postmaster for the Holy Roman emperor Maximilian I, beginning in 1489. He obtained the right to carry government as well as private mail throughout the empire. Under a patent from the emperor, branches of the family operated a network of postal routes in Spain, Germany, Austria, Italy, Hungary, and the Low Countries from 1512 to 1867. The system employed about 20,000 messengers to deliver mail and newspapers. The Prussian state nationalized the service in 1867.

By this time strong nation-states had emerged in Europe, and the need for private postal services was passing. In any case, governments were beginning to insist on controlling mail service. In France Louis XI had set up the Royal Postal Service in 1477. In 1516 Henry VIII of England appointed a master of the posts to maintain regular service along the roads leading out of London. Neither of these government systems was intended to serve the public. Carrying private mail was not legalized in France until 1627 or in Britain until 1635. Private mail delivery operations functioned side by side with government services for a while. Then in 1672 France declared all postal services to be a state monopoly. Private services were eventually forced out of business or purchased.

Private carriers did not give up, however. Some of them found a way to stay in business by introducing a new public service the collection and delivery of mail within cities. William Dockwra opened a Penny Post in London in 1680. The novelty of his operation lay in prepayment for sending letters and in stamping them to show when and where they were sent for delivery. Dockwra was so successful that he was prosecuted for infringing on the state monopoly. His enterprise was shut down in 1682 and quickly reopened as a government agency. It was nearly 100 years before a similar city service was started in Paris, and it too was rapidly taken over by the government.

The economic growth in Britain during the 18th century spurred a demand for better mail services. New post roads were built, beginning about 1765. Stagecoaches began carrying mail between cities and towns in 1784. The first route was between London and Bath. Mounted postboys also rode on the main routes. Next-day mail delivery became possible in towns throughout a good part of England by the 1830s.

Beginnings of Modern Postal Service

Between 1775 and 1815 Britain was at war almost constantly, either with the United States or with France. To help finance the wars postage rates were increased, and the higher rates remained in force for 25 years after the defeat of Napoleon in 1815. Spurred by popular discontent over postal rates, the English educator and tax reformer Rowland Hill formulated proposals on reforming the postal system between 1835 and 1837. His pamphlet, "Post Office Reform: Its Importance and Practicability," is now regarded as a milestone in the development of the modern postal system.

Hill proved that carrying charges were an insignificant factor in the total cost of handling mail. He further proved that the complex series of rates based on distance were needless. Most of the total cost came from administrative expenses. He also noted that the collection of payment for mail on delivery could be avoided. His solution to postal problems was simple a uniform rate of postage regardless of distance and prepayment of postage through the use of adhesive stamps sold by the post office. He proposed that payments be based on weight and suggested a penny for each half-ounce.

Interesting facts about KIDNEY.......

1.) About one-third of transplanted kidneys come from living relatives and about two-thirds are from someone who recently died.

2.) The kidneys perform their life-sustaining job of filtering and returning to the bloodstream about 200 quarts of fluid every 24 hours. About two quarts are removed from the body in the form of urine, and about 198 quarts are recovered. The urine we excrete has been stored in the bladder for anywhere from 1 to 8 hours.

3.) Your kidneys receive about 120 pints of blood per hour.

4.) Over 400 gallons of recycled blood is pumped through your kidneys every day.

5.) Half of one kidney could do the work that two kidneys
usually do.

6.) Your kidneys represent about 0.5% of the total weight of the body, but receive 20–25% of the total arterial blood pumped by the heart.


7.) Each kidney contains from one to two million nephrons.

8.) Over 1.5 million individuals around the world receive dialysis or have had a kidney transplant.

9.) More than 500 million persons worldwide - 10% of the adult population - have some form of kidney damage, and every year millions die prematurely of cardiovascular diseases linked to Chronic Kidney Disease.

10.) A single kidney with only 75 percent of its functional capacity can sustain life very well. If only one kidney is present, that kidney can adjust to filter as much as two kidneys would normally. In such a situation, the nephrons compensate individually by increasing in size--a process known as hypertrophy--to handle the extra load.

11.) If one functional kidney is missing from birth, the other kidney can grow to reach a size similar to the combined weight of two kidneys (about one pound).

12.) After 40 the kidney nephrons stop functioning at a rate of 1 percent per year. The remaining nephrons tend to enlarge and fully compensate for this demise.

13.) Placed end to end, the nephrons of one kidney would stretch about 8 km that equals nearly 5 miles.

14.) In 1933 Russian surgeon Yuri Voronoy performed the first human kidney transplant in Kiev, Ukraine, it failed.

15.) In December 1954, Dr.Joseph E. Murray performed the world's first successful kidney transplant between identical twins at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts.

HEArt... keep it good n know about it.....:)

<>.Women hearts beat faster than men.



<>.The human heart can create enough pressure that it could squirt blood at a distance of thirty feet.



<>.The first open heart surgery was performed by Dr. Daniel Hall Williams in 1893.



<>.The human heart beat roughly 35 million times a year.



<>.In 1967, the first successful heart transplant was performed in Cape Town, South Africa.



<>.Your system of blood vessels - arteries, veins and capillaries - is over 60,000 miles long. That's long enough to go around the world more than twice!



<>.Blood takes about 20 seconds to circulate throughout the entire vascular system.



<>.The adult heart pumps about 5 quarts of blood each minute - approximately 2,000 gallons of blood each day - throughout the body.



<>.The aorta, the largest artery in the body, is almost the diameter of a garden hose. Capillaries, on the other hand, are so small that it takes ten of them to equal the thickness of a human hair.



<>.An adult woman's heart weighs about 8 ounces, a man's about 10 ounces



<>.Scientists have discovered that the longer the ring finger is in boys the less chance they have of having a heart attack.



<>.Your body has about 5.6 liters (6 quarts) of blood. This 5.6 liters of blood circulates through the body three times every minute. In one day, the blood travels a total of 19,000 km (12,000 miles)-- that's four times the distance across the US from coast to coast.


<>.Blood is about 78 percent water.

HAirs...... the fact you should know....

• Average number of hairs on the head: 100,000
• Red hair: 90,000
• Black hair: 110,000
• Blond hair: 140,000
• Maximum length of hair: 70 to 90 cm
• Annual growth: 12 cm
• Female hair grows more slowly than male hair (wouldn’t you just know it)
• Male hair is more dense than female hair (ditto)
• Lifespan of hair: 2 to 7 years
• Diameter of hair: 0.1 mm
• Load-carrying capacity: 100 grams (= one chocolate bar)
• Humidity stretches the hair
• Combing is less detrimental than brushing
• Correct shampooing will not dry out the hair
• Frequent washing does not increase loss of hair
• Hair grows faster in warm weather
• Elderly people have slower hair growth and diminished hair density
• Cutting hair does not influence its growth
• Spliced ends can not be repaired and need to be cut
• Wet hair should not be rubbed since hair is very sensitive

The average person has up to 150,000 hairs on her or his head.
A single strand can support 100 grams in weight. That means, a whole head of hair could (in theory) support the weight of two elephants.
African hair grows more slowly and is more fragile than European hair.
Asian hair grows the fastest and has the greatest elasticity.
Africans and Europeans are more prone than Asians to balding.
There is one thing about you that your hair cannot reveal: Your gender.

<>.On average, a man spends about five months of his life shaving.

<>.On average, a hair strand's life span is five and a half years.

<>.On average redheads have 90,000 hairs. People with black hair have about 110,000 hairs.

<>.Next to bone marrow, hair is the fastest growing tissue in the human body.

<>.In a lifetime, an average man will shave 20,000 times.

<>.Humans have about the same number of hair follicles as a chimpanzee has.

<>.Hair will fall out faster on a person that is on a crash diet.

<>.The average human head weighs about eight pounds.

<>.The reason why some people get a cowlick is because the growth of their hair is in a spiral pattern, which causes the hair to either stand straight up, or goes to a certain angle.

<>.The reason why hair turns gray as we age is because the pigment cells in the hair follicle start to die, which is responsible for producing "melanin" which gives the hair colour.

<>.The longest human beard on record is 17.5 feet, held by Hans N. Langseth who was born in Norway in 1846.

A look at the history of CD.....

The compact disc and more specifically, audio compact disc (CD-DA) were introduced in the market in 1980 by Philips and Sony as an alternative to the vinyl disc and audio cassettes.

In 1984 both companies extended the technology so it can be used to store and retrieve data an so the CD-ROM was born. Since then, the compact disc has change significantly the way we listen music and store data.

In 1990 again Philips and Sony expand the technology and created the Recordable compact disc (CD-R). Up to then, the CDs were manufactured by industrial stamping with a master made from the original.

Philips contributed most of the physical design, which was similar to the laserdisc format it had previously created with regards to using pits and lands on the disk that are read by a laser. Sony contributed the digital-to-analog circuitry, and especially the digital encoding and error-correction code designs.


After the specification was set, both manufacturers were in a race to introduce the first commercially available CD audio drive. Because of its greater experience with digital electronics, Sony won that race and beat Philips to market by one month, when on October 1, 1982 Sony introduced the CDP-101 player and the world's first commercial CD recordingBilly Joel's 52nd Street album. The player was first introduced in Japan and then Europe; it wasn't available in the United States until early 1983. In 1984, Sony also introduced the first automobile and portable CD players.

A brief HIStory about USB

Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a serial bus standard for connecting peripherals to a host. It was designed to allow peripherals to be connected using a single standardized interface and to improve plug and play capabilities by allowing peripherals to be connected or disconnected without having to reboot the computer or turn the device off. This bus can connect devices including mice, keyboards, gaming controllers, scanners, digital cameras, printers, digital media players, flash drives and external hard drives. USB has become the standard connection method for the majority of consumer electronic devices. To date, billions of these devices have been introduced into the consumer electronics market.

The USB Implementers Forum, Inc. (USB-IF) is a non-profit corporation founded by leading companies in the computer and electronics sectors. The organization was formed to provide a support group and forum for the advancement and adoption of USB technology. The Board of Directors is currently comprised of the following companies: Hewlett-Packard Company, Intel Corporation, LSI Corporation, Microsoft Corporation, NEC Corporation and ST-Ericsson.

USB 1.0 and 1.1
The USB 1.0 specification was introduced in 1994 with two data rates, Low-Speed (1.5 Mbps) and Full-Speed (12 Mbps). It was designed to replace the myriad of connectors at the back of PCs and simplify software configuration of communication devices. The 1.1 specification was released in 1998 and was the earliest revision to be widely adopted.

USB 2.0
The USB 2.0 specification was released in 2000 and was standardized by the USB-IF in 2001. Several companies led the initiative to develop a higher data transfer rate of 480 Mbps, about 40 times faster than the 1.1 specification. Also known as Hi-Speed USB, 2.0 expanded the range of external devices that could be used on a computer. And, offered backward compatibility with previous generations.

USB On-The-Go
Many USB devices are portable, and there is an increasing need for devices to communicate directly with each other without a computer. The On-The-Go Supplement makes it possible for peripherals to communicate directly with each other. On-The-Go features include:

- Limited host capability to communicate with selected USB peripherals
- A small connector appropriate for the mobile form
- Low power requirements for preserving battery life
- Ability to be either host or peripheral and to dynamically switch between the two.

Wireless USB
Wireless USB is a short-range, high-bandwidth wireless radio communication technology originally developed by the Wireless USB Promoter Group and subsequently managed by the USB-IF. Designed from the ground up to address challenges of wireless communications and personal networking, this standard combines the speed and security of wired technology and the ease-of-use of wireless technology. It can be used in devices including game controllers, printers, scanners, digital cameras, digital music players, hard disks and flash drives. It can also transfer parallel video streams.

It is capable of sending date at a rate up to 480 Mbps at a 3 meter distance and up to 110 Mbps up to 10 meters. It was designed for the 3.1 to 10.6 GHz frequency range. The Wireless architecture allows up to 127 devices to connect directly to a host. With the elimination of wires, a hub is not needed. An upcoming Wireless 1.1 specification will increase data transfer speed to 1.0 Gbps per second.

USB 3.0
In November 2008, the USB 3.0 Promoter Group announced the completion of the 3.0 specification. It delivers transfer rates up to 10 times faster than USB 2.0 through the utilization of a 5.0 Gbps data rate. Additionally, it has optimized power efficiency, sync-n-go technology that minimizes user wait-time and backward compatibility with USB 2.0. SuperSpeed USB devices interoperate with 2.0 platforms and SuperSpeed USB hosts support Hi-Speed legacy devices.

NEC Electronics recently announced the first USB 3.0 host controller (part number µPD720200). With its high-speed data transfer capability, the new SuperSpeed host controller will require only 70 seconds to transfer 25 GB of HD video content, the equivalent of a Blu-Ray disc. Transferring the same content would take upwards of 14 minutes with Hi-Speed USB.

Advances in USB technology will lead to a new generation of high-performance, consumer electronic products. For assistance with SuperSpeed product development, the SuperSpeed USB Platform Integration Lab (PIL) is now open for USB-IF members. The SuperSpeed USB PIL provides 3.0 developers with the opportunity to test host and device interoperability. For more information, visit the PIL testing page.

MORSE codes....

Morse code is a type of character encoding that transmits telegraphic information using rhythm. Morse code uses a standardized sequence of short and long elements to represent the letters, numerals, punctuation and special characters of a given message. The short and long elements can be formed by sounds, marks, or pulses, in on off keying and are commonly known as "dots" and "dashes" or "dits" and "dahs". The speed of Morse code is measured in words per minute (WPM) or characters per minute.

Originally created for Samuel F. B. Morse's electric telegraph in the early 1840s, Morse code was also extensively used for early radio communication beginning in the 1890s. In the early part of the twentieth century, the majority of high-speed international communication was conducted in Morse code, using telegraph lines, undersea cables, and radio circuits. However, the variable length of the Morse characters made it hard to adapt to automated circuits, so for most electronic communication it has been replaced by machine readable formats, such as Baudot code and ASCII.

The most popular current use of Morse code is by amateur radio operators, although it is no longer a requirement for amateur licensing in many countries. In the professional field, pilots and air traffic controllers are usually familiar with Morse code and require a basic understanding. Navigational aids in the field of aviation, such as VORs and NDBs, constantly transmit their identity in Morse code. Morse code is designed to be read by humans without a decoding device, making it useful for sending automated digital data in voice channels. For emergency signals, Morse code can be sent by way of improvised sources that can be easily "keyed" on and off, making Morse code one of the most versatile methods of telecommunication in existence.\

Applications for the general public

Representation of SOS-Morse code.

An important application is signalling for help through SOS, "· · · — — — · · ·". This can be sent many ways: keying a radio on and off, flashing a mirror, toggling a flashlight and similar methods.

rare facTS about FroG

A species of frog thought to have been extinct for 30 years has been found in rural Australian farmland, officials said Thursday.
It's not that easy being green, or any other color, in Earth's changing climate.

The rediscovery of the yellow-spotted bell frog is a reminder of the need to protect natural habitats so "future generations can enjoy the noise and color of our native animals," said Frank Sartor, minister for environment and climate change.





<>.Frogs drink and breathe through their skin. This is something very interesting that a lot of us don’t know. Instead of swallowing water like we do, frogs usually absorb the moisture needed through their skin. This is also how the get extra oxygen. This is probably why we always find frogs in moist areas

<>.Frogs eyes are very cool. They can be a variety of colors including gold

, brown, silver and green. Can you imagine having gold eyes? How cool is that? The shape of frogs’ eyes can also vary. You may see that the pupils are horizontal, round or heart shaped. Some are even triangular or star-shaped!

Two headed snake !!!!!!!!!!!!!!

This is a rare two headed snake found by a farmer in a village in Alicante, Spain. The chances of a two headed snake surviving in the wild is very slim as both would often fight over which head will swallow the prey as well as difficulty in deciding which direction to go.

Amazing facts about snakes.....

<>.The black-necked cobra, which lives mostly in Africa, spits its venom into the eyes of its victim, to cause it blindness.



<>.There are no snakes in New Zealand.!!!



<>.The venom of the king cobra is so deadly that one bite can kill twenty people or one elephant.
The Australian Brown Snake's venom is so powerful that only 1/14,000th of on ounce is needed to kill a human being.



<>.Taipan snakes have 50 times more toxic than a cobra snake.



<>.Snake venom is ninety percent protein.



<>.Sea snakes are the most poisonous snakes in the world.

Amazing facts about Indian education history..

<>.Algebra, Trigonometry and Calculus are studies which originated in India.

<>.The number system was invented by India. Aryabhatta was the scientist who invented the digit zero.

<>.The' place value system' and the 'decimal system' were developed in 100 BC in India.

<>.The World's first university was established in Takshila in 700 BC. More than 10,500 students from all over the world studied more than 60 subjects. The University of Nalanda built in the 4th century was one of the greatest achievements of ancient India in the field of education.

<>.Bhaskaracharya rightly calculated the time taken by the earth to orbit the sun hundreds of years before the astronomer Smart. His calculations was - Time taken by earth to orbit the sun: ( 5th century ) 365.258756484 days.

<>.The value of "pi" was first calculated by the Indian Mathematician Budhayana, and he explained the concept of what is known as the Pythagorean Theorem. He discovered this in the 6th century, which was long before the European mathematicians.

<>.Algebra, trigonometry and calculus also orignated from India. Quadratic equations were used by Sridharacharya in the 11th century. The largest numbers the Greeks and the Romans used were 106 whereas Hindus used numbers as big as 10*53 ( i.e 10 to the power of 53 ) with specific names as early as 5000 B.C. during the Vedic period. Even today, the largest used number is Tera: 10*12( 10 to the power of 12 ).



<>.India has the second largest pool of scientists & engineers in the world.!!



<>. Zero was invented by Aryabhatta.

BENTLY never seen before!!..

Amazing facts about IPOD.....

<>.The Apple Corporation first released the iPod on October 23, 2001.


<>.The first generation - Mp3 player with mechanical scroll wheel and four buttons.


<>.The second generation - It has touch-sensitive wheel, 10 GB and 20 GB hard drives.


<>.The third generation - It has touch-sensitive bottoms and USB connectivity.


<>.The fourth generation - It has click-wheel and only two hard disk version, 20 GB and 40 GB


<>.The fifth generation - Mp4 player with 60 GB memory storage and video capability.

<>.Presently we are now on the 5th generation of iPod.

<>.iPod is one of the most successful consumer electronic products in history. It is the best selling mp3 / mp4 player in the market today. The combination of sound quality, sleek design and unique user interface, made the iPod a hit, causing an entire industry of accessories to emerge almost overnight.

<>.

AmaZinG facts abOUt BrAiN...

<>.The human brain has about 100,000,000,000 (100 billion) neurons.!!!!!!


<>.From all the oxygen that a human breathes, twenty percent goes to the brain.

<>.Once a human reaches the age of 35, he/she will start losing approximately 7,000 brain cells a day. The cells will never be replaced.


<>.Your brain feels no pain. There are no nerves that register pain within the brain itself. Because of this, neurosurgeons can probe the brain while a patient is conscious (what fun!). By doing this, they can use feedback from the patient to identify important regions, such as those used for speech, or visualization.


<>.Your brain is 80% water.


<>.Your brain is move active and thinks more at night than during the day.

<>.Your brain is move active and thinks more at night than during the day.

<>.People who ride on roller coasters have a higher chance of having a blood clot in the brain.so, think twice before playing roller coaster:)

<>.The diameter of an individual brain neuron is 4 microns, meaning 30,000 could fit on the head of a pin.

<>.Alcohol interferes with brain processes by weakening connections between neurons.



<>.The human brain has 10 billion neurons, making it the most powerful learning tool in the world.

<>.The human brain contains 400 miles of blood vessels.

for more info log on to http://www.copingskills4kids.net/amazing-brain-facts

HistoRy of JEans.........

19th Century

1848: gold was found in California and the famous Gold Rush began. The gold miners wanted clothes that were strong and did not tear easily.

1853: a man named Leob Strauss left his home in New York and moved to San Francisco, where he started a wholesale business, supplying clothes. Strauss later changed his name from Leob to Levi. A big problem with the miners' clothes were the pockets, which easily tore away from the jeans. A man called Jacob Davis had the idea of using metal rives to hold the pockets and the jeans together so that they wouldn't tear. Davis wanted to patent his idea, but he didn't have enough money.

18th Century

At first, jean cloth was made from a mixture of things. However, in the 18th century as trade, slave labor, and cotton plantations increased, jean cloth was made completely from cotton. Workers wore it because the material was very strong and it did not wear out easily. It was usually dyed with indigo, a dye taken from plants in the Americas and India, which made jean cloth a dark blue...

1872: Davis wrote to Levi and offered Strauss a deal if he would pay for the patent. Strauss accepted, and he started making copper-riveted "waist overalls" as jeans were called then.

1873: The first riveted clothing was made and sold

1886: Levi sewed a leather label on their jeans. The label showed a picture of a pair of jeans that were being pulled between two horses. This was to advertise how strong Levi jeans were: even two horses could not tear them apart.

1891: Levi Strauss & Co.'s patent for riveted clothing goes public and dozens of companies begin to use the idea.

20th Century:

1930's: Hollywood made lots of western movies. cowboys, who often wore jeans in the movies, became very popular. Many Americans who lived in the eastern states went for vacations on "dude ranches" and took paris of

denim "waist overalls" back east with them when they went home.

amaziNG FaCtS aboUT AntS...

*Ants can actually lift 20 times their body weight.




*Ants have two stomachs. One is for the ant's personal use. The other is to share food with the community. (Thus, some ants live on the vomit of other ants, isn't that a fact about ants you can pass along at dinner time?)




*The queen's job is to lay eggs. The sterile worker ants look after her eggs by finding food, looking after the young, and defending the nest from unwanted visitors.



* The Army Ant of South America has the largest colony of any ants with as many as 700,000 ants in a single colony.




*The Leaf Cutter ants are actually farmers. They grow fungus on leaves and harvest it.




*Here's another interesting fact about ants: right this very minute, there are 10,000,000,000,000,000 ants living on earth!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!



*Ants are the only species of animal that inhabits every continent on earth. Also, there are more than 70 different species of ant in the world. That means that each continent has 10 or more species of ant living on it!




*When body size is taken into account, ants are the strongest creatures alive. If an ant was the size of a human it would be able to carry the Saturn on its back.

Some wierd facts about Water..

1)Abnormal boiling point:
Due to its hydrogen bonding it requires more heat to break the internal bond. so, it has a high boiling point.
2)Density of ice is less than the density of water:
The number of hydrogen bonds is larger in ice than in water.As ice is a a solid , the molecules are rigidly held in space.Due to its cage like arrangement there is a vacant space.Hence ice has an expanded structure and density is less than of water..

Amazing facts about water.......

<>.66% of our body is made of water.
<>.With access to just 5 liters of water each day, more than a billion people in water poor regions around the globe survive on the same amount used to flush a toilet or take a 5-minute shower.
<>.A rat is the animal that can survive the longest without water.
<>.Every time you throw your clothes in the washer, you use about 50 gallons of water.
<>.A person can't survive for more than around 3 days without water but we can survive 30 days without food.
<>.The sun evaporates a trillion tones of water each day.
<>.Hottest Sea Water- Persian Gulf (35 degrees).